The sense of taste
The
sense of taste is one of a person's five senses. We taste with the help of
taste-buds in the tongue.
There
are four main kinds of taste: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. All other tastes
are just mixtures of two or more of these main types.
The
surface of the tongue has more than fifteen thousand taste-buds (or cells).
These are connected to the brain by special nerves which send the so-called
'tastes messages.
When
the tongue comes into contact with food of any kind, the taste-buds will pick
up the taste. The nerves then send a message to the brain. This will make us
aware of the taste. All this happens in just a few seconds.
There
are four kinds of taste-buds, each of which is sensitive to only a particular
taste. These four groups are located in different parts of the tongue.
The
taste-buds for salty and sweet tastes are found round the tip of the tongue and
along its sides. Sour tastes can be picked up only at the sides of the tongue.
The taste-buds of the bitter taste are found at the innermost edge of the
tongue. There are taste-buds at the centre of the tongue.
The
senses of smell and sight can affect taste. The good smell of food increases
its taste. Similarly, attractive colours can make food appear tastier and more
delicious. If food does not smell good or is dull-coloured, it will look tasty
and may not taste good at all.
Very
hot or cold sensations can make the taste-buds insensitive. Food that is too
hot or too cold, when placed in the mouth, will have no tastes at all.
1. We can taste any kind of food because of
........
A. the good smell of food
B. the four main kinds of taste
C. the taste-buds in the tongue
D. the senses of smell and sight
E. the taste-buds round the tip of the
tongue
2. When we eat very hot or cold food ........
A. the food will lose its taste
B. the food won't smell good
C. the taste of the food increases
D. the taste-buds will be sensitive
E. the taste-buds will be very, responsive
3. The senses of smell and sight ........
A. increase the taste of the food
B. affect the taste of the food
C. make food more delicious
D. make the food look good
E. make the food attractive
4. The purpose of the text is ........
A. to explain how we can taste any food
in the mouth
B. to give a report about the sense of
taste
C. to inform how important the tongue is
D. to describe the use of the tongue
E. to tell the taste of the food
Silkworms
Silkworms
live for only two or three days after laying eggs. About 36,000 to 50,000 eggs
are laid, and these are carefully stored at the silkworm farm until they are
ready to hatch. The eggs hatch into caterpillars, which feed on mulberry
leaves. Soon, the caterpillars are ready to spin their cocoons. Not all
caterpillars can spin silk cocoons. Only the caterpillars of a silkworm moth
known as ‘Bombyx mari’ can do such spinning. This caterpillar has special
glands which secrete liquid silk through its lower lip. The liquid produced
later hardens to form tine strands.
The
caterpillar makes its cocoons using these strands. The threads on the outside
of the cocoon are rough, while those inside are soft and smooth.
Some
fully-spun cocoons are heated. This kills the pupa inside. The cocoons are then
put into hot water to loosen the fine threads. Finally, these threads are
reeled off the cocoons.
The
length of unbroken thread produced by a single cocoon measures about
one-and-a-half kilometers. Being twisted together several of these threads make
single woven materials.
5. What
is the purpose of the text ……..
A.
To persuade readers to buy silk.
B.
To put silk into different categories.
C.
To entertain readers with the knowledge.
D.
To present some points of view about silk.
E.
To describe how silk comes into existence.
6.
How are the threads on the outside of the cocoon ……..
A.
Fine.
B.
Soft.
C. Rough.
D.
Strong.
E.
Smooth.
7.
What are mulberry leaves for ……..
A.Feeding caterpillars.
B.
Spinning cocoons.
C.
Storing threads.
D.
Hatching eggs.
E.
Laying eggs.
All
planes need air to presure under their wings to stay up in the air. As they
move forward. The higher air pressure underneath their wings pushes them upward
and gives them lift.
The
smooth, streamlined shape of the plane allows the air to flows easily over its
surface. This helps to reduce the drag caused by the air pushing against the
plane and allows it to move rapidly through the air.
Planes
move forward using engines. This movement is called thrust. Moving forward
keeps a stream of moving air passing over the wings. If the engines fail,
theplanes will begin to descend very quickly.The air above the wing moves
faster, so it is at a lower pressure than the air under the wing.The air under
the wing moves more slowly and is slightly squashed, so it is at a higher
pressure than the air above the wing.
8.
What does the text describe?
a.
How the wings of a plane work
b.
How the plane move forward
c.
How the plane is made
d.
The engine of a plane
e.
How a plane flies
9.
The planes stay up in the air when..
a.
A stream of moving air passes over their wings
b.
There is air pressure under their wings
c.
The wings move forward
d.
The engines move faster
e.
The engines fail
10.
“This helps to reduce the drag caused by the air pushing against the plane and
allow it to move more rapidly through the air”(Paragraph 2) the underlined word
can be replaced by..
a.
Slowly b. Quickly c. Smoothly d. Gradualy e. Immediately
11.
What is the use of air pressure under the plane’s wings?
a.
To go down
b.
To keep moving
c.
To squash the wings
d.
To stay up in the air
e.
To reduce their weights
12.
Movement planes forward using engines is called..
a.
Trust b. Thurst c. Squash d. Thrust e. Streaming
13.
“.....the planes will begin to descend very quickly” underlined word means..
a.
Go down b. Go up c. Landing d. Starting e. ending
14.
To tell the readers, writer using..
a.
Past tenses
b.
Perfect tenses
c.
Past perfect
d.
Present tense
e.
Continous tense
15.
What is the purpose of the text..
a.
To persuade the reader about something
b.
To explain how planes stay up in the air
c.
To describe about planes
d.
To entertain the readers
e.
To tell past event
16.
Which statement is false accroding the text..
a.
All planes need air to presure under their wings to stay up in the air
b.
Streamlined shape of the plane allows the air to flows easily over its surface
c.
Planes move forward using engines
d.
Moving forward keeps a stream of moving air passing over the wings
e.
Planes movement forward is calling as streamlined.
17.
The air under the wing moves more slowly and is slightly squashed, so...
a.
it is at a lower pressure than the air under the wing.
b.
it is at a higher pressure than the air above the wing.
c.
allows the air to flows easily over its surface
d.
A stream of moving air passes over their wings
e.
The wings move forward
A
natural disaster is a terrible accident, e.g. a great flood, a big fire or an
earthquake. It usually causes great suffering and loss of a large sum of money.
The casualties are injured or died. Some people are homeless and need medical
care.
Floods
occur when the water of rivers, lakes, or streams overflow their banks and pour
onto the surrounding land. Floods are caused by many different things. Often
heavy rainstorms that last for a brief can cause a flood. But not all heavy
storms are followed by flooding. If the surrounding land is flat and can absorb
the water, no flooding will occur. If, however, the land is hard and rocky,
heavy rain cannot be absorbed. Where the banks are low, a river may overflow
and flood adjacent lowland.
In
many part of the world flood are caused by tropical storms called hurricanes or
typhoons. They bring destructive winds of high speed, torrents of rain, and
flooding. When a flood occurs, the destruction to surrounding land can be
severe. Whole villages and towns are sometimes swept away by water pouring
swiftly over the land. Railroad track blocked and uprooted from their beds.
Highways are washed away.
When
a building caught fire, the firemen pitched in to help battle the blaze. Before
the pumps were invented, people formed bucket brigades to fight fires. Standing
side by side, they formed a human chain from the fire to nearby well or river.
They passed buckets of water from to hand to be poured on the flames.
The
damage of the fire did depend a great deal on where it happened. In the country
or a small village, only a single house might burn down. But in crowded cities,
fire often destroyed whole blocks and neighborhoods before being controlled.
(Soal
UN SMA/MA IPA 2011/2012)
18.
What can possibly prevent rivers and lakes from overflowing?
a.
An absorbent bed.
b.
A rocky surrounding.
c.
A low land.
d. A high bank.
e.
A high road.
19.
We know from the text that . . . .
a.
River can sweep heavy flood
b.
People can make money from flood
c.
The destruction by flood is always less severe
d. Water flood is absorbed by land
e.
Typhoons caused heavy flood
20.
We know from the text that . . . .
a.
The pump is the only tool used by fire fighters now
b. The pump helps people to fight fires more
efficiently
c.
Fires in big cities are always very big
d.
People no longer use buckets to control fire
e.
Only firemen can control fires in crowded cities
Many
young people have difficulty deciding where they will live when the time comes
to leave home and make their own way in the world. Among the more common
alternatives are sharing a house or flat with other young people, and finding
full board and lodgings in someone else's home.
Renting
a house with other young people offers the advantage of a high degree of freedom
and independence. On the down side, renting involves a variety of
responsibilities that may be more than you wish to take on. This would mean you
would be responsible for making large rental payments if one or more of the
people you are sharing with should move out of the house or flat. It might also
mean that you are held financially responsible if they damage the dwelling.
Finding
board and lodgings, on the other hand, has significant advantages. Generally
you have no responsibility for the cleaning or maintenance of the dwelling or
its gardens, other than to take reasonable care of your room. However, living
in board and lodging circumstances has its drawbacks too. You have less freedom
and flexibility in your lifestyle.
In
the end, the decision each person makes will depend on their own personal
valuing of independence and of convenience, as well as their feeling of
readiness for taking on the considerable financial and other responsibilities
of house or flat rental.
21.
The text mainly discusses about?
A.
sharing a house
B.
cleaning a house
C.
deciding where to live
D.
renting a house
E.
finding full board
22. A
Finding board and lodgings, on the other hand, has significant advantages. The
underlined word means?
A.
gained position
B.
rooms rented to live
C.
supply of materials
D
work of cutting down trees
E.
ability to convince
23.
The writer’s purpose of writing the text is?
a.
to present two points of view about deciding where to live
b.
to persuade readers to rent a house with other young people
c.
to describe how to decide to find a rented house
d.
to inform readers how to decide where to live
e.
to explain how to find board and lodgings
Nowadays,
computers are widespread. They are useful, but they also have some bad effects,
especially for children. As a computer application, the internet is very
useful. There is more information on the internet than in the world’s biggest
library.
Through
the Internet people can get friends all over the world. Although they have
never seen each other, they get to know each other well. They can send e-mails
to each other. The computer is like a door to the world! Computer gamer are
also great fun! They’re better than TV. On TV you can watch a space ship, but
in a computer game you fly it!
On
the contrary, computers have some bad effects. A lot of children spend too much
time on the computer. They start playing and then they can’t stop. They don’t
talk to anyone; they just sit and look at the computer for hours and hours. As
we know, a lot of computer gamers are very bad. There is a lot of shooting and
killing. These games are worse than TV. We can see bad things on TV, but in
computer games we actually do bad things.
Personally,
I think that computers are useful. However, we should use them wisely so that
we can eliminate the bad effects.
Adapted
from: Developing English Competencies for Grad XII of Natural and Social
Science Programmes
24.
What is the main idea of the text?
A.
The negative impact of computers on children
B.
The good and bad effect of computers
C.
The benefits of computers for people
D.
The general description of computers
E.
The way how to operate computers
25.
Why is computer bad for children?
A.
They obtain lot of information
B.
They become lack of social interaction
C.
They are able to send email to their fellows
D.
They acquire dozens of of friends all over the world
E.
They hardly looks at computers for hours and hours
26.
What does the writer recommend the readers?
A.
To use the computers wisely
B.
To play a lot great tun game
C.
To look at the computers fo hours
D.
To spend much time on computers
E.
To send email to friends all over the world
27.
However, we should use them wisely so that we can eliminate the bad effects.
(par 4) What is the closest meaning to the underlined word?
A.
Take away
B.
Take care
C.
Take over
D.
Take off
E.
Take out
Acid
rain is rain that is highly acidic because of sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides,
and other air pollutants dissolved in it. Normal rain is slightly acidic, with
a pH of 6. Acid rain may have a pH value as low as 2.8.
Acid
rain can severely damage both plant and animal life. Certain lakes, for
example, have lost all fish and plant life because of acid rain.
Acid
rain comes from sulphur in coal and oil. When they burn, they make sulphur
dioxide (SO2 ). Most sulphur leaves factory chimneys as the gaseous sulphur
dioxide (SO2 ) and most nitrogen is also emitted as one of the nitrogen oxides
(NO or NO2 ), both of which are gases. The gases may be dry deposited absorbed
directly by the land, by lakes or by the surface vegetation. If they are in the
atmosphere for any time, the gases will oxidise (gain an oxygen atom) and go
into solution as acids.
Sulphuric
acid (H2 SO4 ) and the nitrogen oxides will become nitric acid (HNO3 ). The
acids usually dissolve in cloud droplets and may travel great distances before
being precipitated as acid rain. Catalysts such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone and
ammonium help promote the formation of acids in clouds. More ammonium (NH4 )
can be formed when some of the acids are partially neutralised by airborne
ammonia (NH3 ). Acidication increases with the number of active hydrogen (H+)
ions dissolved in acid.
Hydrocarbons
emitted by for example, car exhausts will react in sunlight with nitrogen
oxides to produce ozone. Although it is invaluable in the atmosphere, low level
ozone causes respiratory problems and also hastens the formation of acid rain.
When acid rain falls on the ground it dissolves and liberates heavy metals and
aluminium (Al). When it is washed into lakes, aluminium irritates the outer
surfaces of many fish. As acid rain falls or drains into the lake the pH of the
lake falls. Forests suffer the effect of acid rain through damage to leaves,
through the loss of vital nutrients, and through the increased amounts of toxic
metals liberated by acid, which damage roots and soil micro organisms.
Taken
from Science and Technology Encycopedia, 1998
28.
What is the text mainly about?
A.
The definition of acid rain.
B.
The process of acid rain.
C.
The effect of acid rain.
D.
Acid rain.
E.
Rain.
29.
The acid of normal rain is……….. than the acid rain.
A.
higher
B.
lower
C.
denser
D.
severer
E.
the same
30.
The third paragraph tells about?
A.
acid rain damages environment
B.
how acid rain endangers life
C.
how acid rain occurs
D.
the cause of acid rain
E.
the acid rain cause
31.
What is the result of the burning of the coal and oil?
A.
ammonium
B.
nitric acid
C.
sulphuric acid
D.
sulphur dioxide
E.
airbone ammonia
32. The
sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides will ….. in the air.
A.
be absorbed directly by the vegetation
B.
dissolved in the lake water and land
C.
emit another sulphur gas
D.
radiate an oxygen atom
E.
gain an oxygen atom
33.
Which of the following is not true about acid rain?
A.
It contains lower pH than the normal rain.
B.
It has higher pH than the normal rain
C.
It can damage animal and plant life.
D.
It contains dangerous gases.
E.
It endangers water life.
34.
………… is dangerous for the scale of fish in the lake.
A.
Acid rain
B.
Heavy metal
C.
Alumunium
D.
Vital nutrient
E.
Sulphuric acid
35.
What is the purpose of the text?
A.
To report the acid rain in general
B.
To explain the process of acid rain.
C.
To persuade the reader to prevent acid rain.
D.
To discuss the danger of acid rain in the air.
E.
To present two different opinion on acid rain process.
36.
If they are in the atmosphere for any time, …….. The italic word can be best
replaced by …………
A.
oil and coal
B.
land and air
C.
sulphur oxides
D.
nitrogen oxides
E.
sulphur and nitrogen oxides
37.
Acid rain can severely damage both plant and animal life. The bold word has the
closest meaning to……
A.
harm
B.
hang
C.
endow
D.
produce
E.
develop
In
Death Valley, California, one of the hottest, most arid places in North
America, there is much salt, and salt can damage rocks impressively.
Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where streets and highways are salted to
control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and deterioration on cars.
That attests to the chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not the way
salt destroys rocks. Salt breaks rocks apart principally by a process called
crystal prying and wedging. This happens not by soaking the rocks in salt
water, but by moistening their bottoms with salt water. Such conditions exist
in many areas along the eastern edge of central Death Valley. There, salty
water rises from the groundwater table by capillary action through tiny spaces
in sediment until it reaches the surface.
Most
stones have capillary passages that suck salt water from the wet ground. Death Valley
provides an ultra-dry atmosphere and high daily temperatures, which promote evaporation
and the formation of salt crystals along the cracks or other openings within stones.
These crystals grow as long as salt water is available. Like tree roots
breaking up a sidewalk, the growing crystals exert pressure on the rock and
eventually pry the rock apart along planes of weakness, such as banding in
metamorphic rocks, bedding in sedimentary rocks, or preexisting or incipient
fractions, and along boundaries between individual mineral crystals or grains.
Besides crystal growth, the expansion of halite crystals (the same as everyday
table salt) by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration can contribute
additional stresses. A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions
for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small
pieces by salt weathering within a few generations.
The
dominant salt in Death Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts,
mostly carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary
ice. Weathering by a variety of salts, though often subtle, is a worldwide
phenomenon. Not restricted to arid regions, intense salt weathering occurs
mostly in salt-rich places like the seashore, near the large saline lakes in
the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, and in desert sections of Australia, New
Zealand, and central Asia.
38. What
is the passage mainly about?
A.
The destructive effects of salt on rocks.
B.
The impressive salt rocks in Death Valley.
C.
The damaging effects of salt on roads and highways.
D.
The amount of salt produced in Death Valley.
39. The
word "it" in line 9 refers to….
A.
groundwater table
B.
capillary action
C.
salty water
D.
sediment
40. The
word "exert" in line 14 is closest in meaning to….
A.
replace
B.
control
C.
reduce
D.
put
41. In
lines 13-17, why does the author compare tree roots with growing salt crystals?
A.
They both react quickly to a rise in temperature.
B.
They both cause salty water to rise from the groundwater table.
C.
They both grow as long as water is available.
D.
They both force hard surfaces to crack.
42. In
lines 17-18, the author mentions the "expansion of halite crystals...by
heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration" in order to….
A.
present an alternative theory about crystal growth
B.
introduce additional means by which crystals destroy rocks
C.
simplify the explanation of crystal prying and wedging
D.
explain how some rocks are not affected by salt
43. The
word "durable" in line 19 is closest in meaning to….
A.
flexible
B.
strong
C.
large
D.
pressured
44. The
word "shattered" in line 20 is closest in meaning to…..
A.
dissolved
B.
broken apart
C.
arranged
D.
gathered together
45. The
word "dominant" in line 22 is closest in meaning to….
A.
least available
B.
least damaging
C.
most common
D.
most recent
46. According
to the passage, which of the following is true about the effects of salts on
rocks?
A.
Salt damage at the seashore is more severe than salt damage in Death Valley.
B.
A variety of salts in all kinds of environments can cause weathering.
C.
Salts usually cause damage only in combination with ice.
D.
Only two types of salts cause prying and wedging.
47. Which
of the following can be inferred from the passage about rocks that are found in
areas where ice is common?
A.
They show similar kinds of damage as rocks in Death Valley.
B.
They do not allow capillary action of water.
C.
They contain more carbonates than sulfates.
D.
They are protected from weathering.
Toba
Eruption
Approximately
74,000 years ago on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia , a volcanic eruption so
violent occurred that it proved to be apocalyptic for the human race. Scientist
estimate that the eruption may have ejected up to 6,000 km3 of magma pulverized
rock and sufficient sulfur gases to form 5,000 megaton of stratospheric
sulfuric acid aerosols. The suspension of so much material in the earth’s
atmosphere resulted in a volcanic winter that lasted all year long, every year
for several years .The severe drop in global temperature had catastrophic
effect on vegetation and the food chain dependent upon it for
survival-including humans.
Scientists
have examined the genetic code of seemingly disparate and distance race of
people and found there’s actually very little genetic variability in the entire
human race. The evidence indicates that something happened to the human gene
pool approximately 74,000 years ago where only very few humans remained alive
on the planet (say 5,000 to 10,000), and the current population has grown from
these selectively few genotypes. Our existence in such great number today (over
6 billion strong) is a testament to our tenacious ability to survive.
48. What
caused the disaster to the human race after the Toba eruption ?
A.
The severe drop in global temperature
B.
The stratospheric sulfuric acid
C.
The sulfur gases
D.
The magma and the pulverized rock
E.
The eruption of the mountains Sumatra
49. What
was the most destructive impact of the Toba eruption around 74.000 year ago?
A.
The extinction of human race is Sumatra
B.
The extinction of vegetation and food chains
C.
Volcanic winter every year for several years
D.
The rain of stratospheric sulfuric acid
E.
The 6,000 km3 of magma covering the island of Sumatra
50. We
know from the text that . . . .
A.
The eruption was the reason for the very limited genetic variability in the
entire human race
B.
A new human race appeared after the extinction of humans 74.000 years ago
C.
Human beings were stronger that vegetation against the affect the effect the eruption
D.
The volcanic materials ejected by the eruption consisted of magma and
pulverized rock
E.
The severe drops of sulfuric acid aerosols caused the volcanic winter
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